An important component of Academic Integrity is academic honesty.
NTU students are expected to take responsibility and ownership of their academic work (assignments, reports, papers and all forms of academic output).
Consult the NTU Academic Integrity Handbook for comprehensive guidelines: https://bit.ly/ntu-acadintegrity.
Demonstrate Academic Integrity by citing all sources used in your research. Ensure citations and references are generated in the relevant citation style and appropriate format for all work that you have used in your research.
Do note that you should also include citations for your Presentation Slides.
Citation Styles
A citation style dictates the format of in-text citations and references, what information needs to be provided and how it is ordered. There are many citation styles, e.g., American Chemical Society (ACS), American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), Turabian, etc.
NTU Library's Citation Styles guide provides an introduction to popular citation styles, namely American Psychological Association (APA) 7th, American Sociological Association (ASA), Chicago 17th edition (CMOS), IEEE and Vancouver.
Managing Your Citations
Reference management software like Zotero or EndNote can help you manage large numbers of citations and references for your writing assignments or research papers. They can help to:
Learn more in our Reference Management Software LibGuide.
The IEEE citation style uses numbered references. Each citation requires a corresponding number in the body of the report and a full entry in the Reference List. Examples of IEEE-style citations are shown below:
| Type | In-text Citation | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Webpage | Energy Market Authority states that consumers installing solar PV should engage a qualified person such as an architect registered with the Board of Architects or a has a valid practising certificate to do it [1]. | [1] Energy Market Authority. “Solar installation guide.” Accessed: Jul. 5, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.ema.gov.sg/consumer-information/solar/solar-installation-guid |
| Journal Article | Economic incentives can strengthen consumer behavior toward environmental protection [51]. Ongondo and Williams [52] offered money and other rewards to motivate college students to recycle their mobile phones. |
[51] R. A. Winett and M. S. Neale, "Psychological framework for energy conservation in buildings: Strategies, outcomes, directions," Energy Build., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 101-116, 1979. [52] F. O. Ongondo, and I. D. Williams, "Mobile phone collection reuse and recycling in the UK," Waste Manage., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1307-1315, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.032. |
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Images
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Figures and images in the paper must be cited in numerical order. Place the citation directly below the figure or image using the format: Fig. #. Caption of image. Adapted from [#].
Fig. 1. Footwear collected from the shorelines of Midway Atoll. Adapted from [2] |
In the reference list give the details of the source, the webpage from which the image is taken in IEEE citation style. [2] NOAA Photo Library. “fis01484." Flickr.com. https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/27889266330/in/album-72157670783471385/ (accessed Oct. 3, 2021). |
Note: IEEE style uses abbreviated journal names and month names in the reference list.
In APA 7th style, each source requires an in-text citation in the body of the report and an entry in the Reference List. Examples of APA 7th-style citations are shown below:
| Type | In-text Citation | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Webpage | Tobacco smoking is a habit that is prevalent among the residents of Bandung in West Java, Indonesia. Local leaders are under pressure to come up with enforcement policies and initiatives to make the tobacco control law effective (World Health Organization, 2021). | World Health Organization. (2021). Bandung: Championing city-level tobacco control. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/bandung-championing-city-level-tobacco-control |
| Journal Article | Technological solutions, including creating synthetic oils to replace palm oil, are currently very expensive. As a result, Parsons et al. (2020) have proposed that promoting more "sustainable" practices in the palm oil industry may be the most feasible ... | Parsons, S., Raikova, S., & Chuck, C. J. (2020). The viability and desirability of replacing palm oil. Nature Sustainability, 3(6), 412-418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0487-8 |
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Images
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Figures and images must include the figure number in bold with the caption placed above the figure. Add a note directly below with details such as title, author, source, and license (if any). Figure 1 Footwear collected from the shorelines of Midway Atoll
Note. From fis01484 [Photograph], by NOAA Photo Library, 2013, Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/27889266330/in/album-72157670783471385/). CC BY 2.0. |
NOAA Photo Library. (2013). fis01484 [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/27889266330/in/album-72157670783471385/ |
Whether you're preparing a thesis, publishing research, or developing teaching materials, understanding how copyright affects your work is essential.
Look to these resources to learn more about copyright:
